Current Methods for Life-Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transportation Fuels in the United States
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources;Engineering, and Medicine National Academies of Sciences;Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences;Division on Earth and Life Studies;Committee on Current Methods for Life Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transpo
Current Methods for Life-Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transportation Fuels in the United States - Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources;Engineering, and Medicine National Academies of Sciences;Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences;Division on Earth and Life Studies;Committee on Current Methods for Life Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transpo
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Current Methods for Life-Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transportation Fuels in the United States
Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources;Engineering, and Medicine National Academies of Sciences;Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences;Division on Earth and Life Studies;Committee on Current Methods for Life Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transpo
Synopsis "Current Methods for Life-Cycle Analyses of Low-Carbon Transportation Fuels in the United States"
Transportation is the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, with petroleum accounting for 90 percent of transportation fuels. Policymakers encounter a range of questions as they consider low-carbon fuel standards to reduce emissions, including total emissions released from production to use of a fuel or the potential consequences of a policy. Life-cycle assessment is an essential tool for addressing these questions. This report provides researchers and practitioners with a toolkit for applying life-cycle assessment to estimate greenhouse gas emissions, including identification of the best approach to use for a stated policy goal, how to reduce uncertainty and variability through verification and certification, and the core assumptions that can be applied to various fuel types. Policymakers should still use a tailored approach for each fuel type, given that petroleum-based ground, air, and marine transportation fuels necessitate different considerations than alternative fuels including biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity. Ultimately, life-cycle assessments should clearly document what assumptions and methods are used to ensure transparency. Table of ContentsFront MatterSummaryPart I: Background and Policy Context for Life-Cycle Analysis1 Introduction and Policy Context2 Fundamentals of Life-Cycle Assessment3 Life-Cycle Assessment in a Low-Carbon Fuel Standard PolicyPart II: General Considerations for Life-Cycle Analysis4 Key Considerations: Direct and Indirect Effects, Uncertainty, Variability, and Scale of Production5 Verification6 Specific Methodological Issues Relevant to a Low-Carbon Fuel StandardPart III: Specific Fuel Issues for Life-Cycle Analysis7 Fossil and Gaseous Fuels for Road Transportation8 Aviation and Maritime Fuels9 Biofuels10 Electricity as a Vehicle FuelAppendix A: Conclusions and RecommendationsAppendix B: Committee Members' Biographical SketchesAppendix C: Open Session Agendas